Survival status of HIV/AIDS patients aged ≥ 50 years old receiving antiretroviral therapy in Shanxi, 2011-2019 / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective　To analyze the survival status of HIV/AIDS patients aged above 50 years receiving antiviral therapy (ART) in Shanxi Province from 2011 to 2019, and to provide evidence for further improvement of antiviral therapy. Methods　Basic information and follow-up information of HIV/AIDS patients aged above 50 years who first received HIV/AIDS antiviral therapy in Shanxi Province from 2011 to 2019 were collected. Excel database was established and SPSS23.0 software was used for analysis. Retrospective cohort study was conducted. Cox proportional risk regression model was used to analyze the factors influencing survival time. Results　A total of 1 183 subjects were included, of which 172 died, including 84(48.84%) from other causes, 74(43.02%) AIDS-related death and 14 (8.14%) from accidents, suicides and undetermined deaths. Setting AIDS-related deaths as an outcome event, life table analysis showed that the cumulative survival rates at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 years after receiving ART were 96.61%, 93.59%, 90.35%, 87.57% and 83.44%, respectively. Multivariate Cox proportional risk model analysis showed that the risk of death in patients aged 60-<70 years group and over 70 age group was 2.53 times (95%CI: 1.51-4.23) and 3.59 times (95%CI: 1.74-7.40) for patients aged the 50-<60 group , respectively. The risk of death in patients with baseline CD4+T lymphocyte (CD4) counts of ≥200/mm3, 50-<200 /mm3 was 0.22 times (95%CI: 0.12-0.41) and 0.37 times (95%CI: 0.21-0.67) for patients with CD4+T lymphocyte counts of <50/mm3. The risk of death in patients with opportunistic infections at baseline was 1.99 times (95%CI: 1.16-3.39) for patients without baseline opportunistic infections. Conclusions　The survival rate of HIV/AIDS patients aged above 50 who received antiviral therapy (ART) in Shanxi Province from 2011 to 2019 was relatively high. To further improve the quality of antiviral treatment in our province, the strategy of "early detection and early treatment" should be continued and improved in the future, and information collection of specific causes of non-AIDS-related deaths among this population should be further strengthened.

An Adaptive Method for Detecting and Removing EEG Noise / 中国医疗器械杂志

To solve the problem of real-time detection and removal of EEG signal noise in anesthesia depth monitoring, we proposed an adaptive EEG signal noise detection and removal method. This method uses discrete wavelet transform to extract the low-frequency energy and high-frequency energy of a segment of EEG signals, and sets two sets of thresholds for the low-frequency band and high-frequency band of the EEG signal. These two sets of thresholds can be updated adaptively according to the energy situation of the most recent EEG signal. Finally, we judge the level of signal interference according to the range of low-frequency energy and high-frequency energy, and perform corresponding denoising processing. The results show that the method can more accurately detect and remove the noise interference in the EEG signal, and improve the stability of the calculated characteristic parameters.

Recent advances and perspectives of nucleic acid detection for coronavirus / 药物分析学报

The recent pneumonia outbreak caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is posing a great threat to global public health. Therefore, rapid and accurate identification of pathogenic viruses plays a vital role in selecting appropriate treatments, saving people's lives and preventing epidemics. It is important to establish a quick standard diagnostic test for the detection of the infectious disease (COVID-19) to prevent subsequent secondary spread. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is regarded as a gold standard test for the molecular diagnosis of viral and bacterial infections with high sensitivity and specificity. Isothermal nucleic acid amplification is considered to be a highly promising candidate method due to its fundamental advantage in quick procedure time at constant temperature without thermocycler opera-tion. A variety of improved or new approaches also have been developed. This review summarizes the currently available detection methods for coronavirus nucleic acid. It is anticipated that this will assist researchers and clinicians in developing better techniques for timely and effective detection of coro-navirus infection.

Analysis of Detection of Mixed Semen Stains with Different Immunological Test Methods and Case Applications / 法医学杂志

Objective To perform the separation and confirmation of mixed semen stains with immunological test method, and find a more effective method for the detection of mixed semen stains. Methods The semens of three volunteers were mixed. The mixed semen stains were processed and tested with prostate-specific antigen （PSA） colloidal gold immunoassay strip method, immunomagnetic beads method and laser capture microdissection, respectively. Statistics of the results of STR were gathered and compared with those of a single semen stain. Results After PSA colloidal gold immunoassay strip method testing, the samples showed a purplish red line in the test area and the control area. The results obtained with the immunomagnetic beads method showed a more complete and effective short tandem repeat （STR） sequence. The mixed semen stains were processed with laser capture microdissection and low volume amplified. The results were summarized and superimposed to obtain a complete single typing, which matched the single semen stain typing, with a typing success rate of 84.00%. Single suspect Y-STR typing was obtained with the application of the method above in actual cases, which provided evidence basis for rapid solving of the case. Conclusion The combination of PSA colloidal gold immunoassay strip method, immunomagnetic beads method and laser capture microdissection can be used to separate and confirm the mixed semen stains.

Analysis of Recruitment Pattern of Related Muscles in Two Types of Active Straight Leg Raise / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To compare the rate of recruitment in two types of active straight leg raise (ASLR) and to investigate the activation patterns of the related muscles. Methods:From June to October, 2018, eleven healthy subjects were recruited. Surface electromyography (sEMG) signals of unilateral rectus femoris, bilateral rectus abdominis, internal oblique abdominis, external oblique abdominis and multifidus were recorded in normal ASLR (Action A) and raising leg for ten seconds (Action B). %maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of these muscles was processed and analyzed. Results:%MVIC of ipsilateral internal oblique muscle and external oblique muscle were greater than the opposite side (t > 2.549, P < 0.05) in Action A; %MVIC of ipsilateral internal oblique muscle, external oblique muscle and rectus abdominis muscle were greater than the opposite side (t > 2.240, P < 0.05) in Action B; compared with action B, Action A had higher %MVIC of bilateral internal oblique and rectus femoris (t > 3.549, P < 0.05). Conclusion:The activation mode of ipsilateral dominance was shown in both actions, and the different motion control strategies may be adopted by the neuromuscular system in different ASLR.

Application of quality control specialized management in ultrasound department / 中华医学超声杂志（电子版）

Objective To explore the application of "quality control specialized management" model in ultrasound department for medical quality management and effect evaluation.Methods The "quality control specialized management" model was applied for medical quality management in ultrasound department.We explored the changes of clinical and patients' satisfaction before and after the implementation of the model by taking the measures of quality control management by special responsible person,improving patient visit process,strengthening professional training to improve doctors' ability,strengthening humanistic literacy,and improving service attitude.Before and after implementation,clinical satisfaction and patients' satisfaction were evaluated.The comparison of clinical satisfaction before and after the implementation of "quality control specialized management" and the comparison of patient satisfaction was conducted by x2 test.Results After the implementation of "quality control specialized management" model,the clinical satisfaction score was (95.5 ± 0.3) points,which was significantly higher than that before the model was applied [(90.1± 1.5) points;t=7.541,P ＜ 0.01);the patients' satisfaction score was (95.8±0.3) points,which was also significantly higher than that before the model was applied [(92.8±0.7) points;t=5.230,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion The "quality control specialized management" model can improve clinical and patients' satisfaction effectively,representing an effective way to guarantee and improve the quality of ultrasound medical services.

Research advances in the detection of miRNA / 药物分析学报

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of endogenous, small (approximately 22 nucleotides in length), noncoding, functional RNAs. With the development of molecular biology, the research of miRNA bio-logical function has attracted significant interest, as abnormal miRNA expression is identified to contribute to serious human diseases such as cancers. Traditional methods for miRNA detection do not meet current demands. In particular, nanomaterial-based methods, nucleic acid amplification-based methods such as rolling circle amplification (RCA), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), strand-displacement amplification (SDA) and some enzyme-free amplifications have been employed widely for the highly sensitive detection of miRNA. MiRNA functional research and clinical diagnostics have been accelerated by these new techniques. Herein, we summarize and discuss the recent progress in the development of miRNA detection methods and new applications. This review will provide guidelines for the development of follow-up miRNA detection methods with high sensitivity and spec-ificity, and applicability to disease diagnosis and therapy.

Bioactive xanthones from whole plants of Gentianella acuta / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To study the constituents from the whole plants of Gentianella acuta and their biological activities. Methods: The compounds were isolated by multiple chromatographic methods and the structures of mentioned isolates were determined by routine NMR experiments and chemical methods. Results: A phytochemical investigation to obtain intestine motility inhibitor resulted in the isolation of one new xanthone glycoside, gentixanthonoside A (1), along with nine tetrahydroxanthones, 1,3,5R,8S-tetrahydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxanthone (2), 1,3,5S,8S-tetrahydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxanthone (3), amarellin E (4), amarellin F (5), swertiachoside B (6), amarellin D (7), amarellin C (8), amarellin A (9), and amarellin B (10) from the whole plants of G. acuta. Conclusion: Compounds 2–10 showed significant reduce effects on contraction tension at 40 µM.

Detection of early gastric cancer and analysis of its endoscopic characteristics (43 cases) / 中国内镜杂志

Objective To investigate and analyze the detection of early gastric cancer (ECG) and explore the endoscopic and pathological characteristics. Methods Clinical data of patients underwent gastroscopy in 2016 were retrospectively collected for the screening and statistics of the detection rate of ECG (detected in examination and confirmed by pathology). In addition, the clinical data of 43 detected patients with ECG (47 lesions) were retrospectively summarized. Endoscopic characteristics under a white light endoscope and a magnifying endoscope with narrow band imaging (NBI) as well as pathological characteristics of ECG were compared. Results The overall detection rate of ECG was 0.23% (43/18,534), accounting for 24.71% (43/174) in the total detected cases of gastric cancer. This study revealed that ECG was the most commonly detected in the gastric antrum (36.17%, 17/47), lesion size >1.0 cm was the most common (68.09%, 32/47), and 0-IIc type were the most common under the endoscope, accounting for 55.32% (26/47). Under the white light endoscope, 35 (74.47%, 35/47) lesions showed mucosal redness, 43 (91.49%, 43/47) lesions presented clear boundaries, 42 (89.36%, 42/47) lesions exhibited irregular surface, 39 (82.98%, 39/47) lesions demonstrated mucosal atrophy and (or) intestinal metaplasia, 17 (36.17%, 17/47) lesions presented edge burrs, 8 (17.02%, 8/47) lesions showed WOS, 13 (27.66%, 13/47) lesions had superficial ulcers, and 21 (44.68%, 21/47) lesions demonstrated spontaneous bleeding. Magnifying endoscopy with NBI was conducted in 30 lesions, revealing clear boundaries in 86.67% (26/30) lesions, irregular or disappeared submucosal microvasculature in 96.67% (29/30) lesions, and irregular or disappeared epithelial microstructure and pit pattern in 90.00% (27/30) lesions. Differentiated pathological type was dominant (89.36%, 42/47). Conclusion ECG mainly occurs in the gastric antrum and 0-IIc type are dominant. Careful observation of the changes and characteristics of the local tone of gastric mucosa under a white light endoscope as well as the changes in lesion boundaries, submucosal microvasculature, epithelial microstructure and pit pattern under a magnifying endoscope with NBI is helpful to improve the diagnosis rate of ECG.

Photoselective Vaporesection of the Prostate with an End-firing Lithium Triborate Crystal Laser / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Photoselective vaporization of the prostate is a technique that is widely used for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and has pronounced advantages compared to the traditional transurethral resection of the prostate. Following the recent introduction of end-firing lithium triborate lasers, we have created a new technique called photoselective vaporesection of the prostate (PVRP). This study described our initial experience using the PVRP technique for the treatment of BPH.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This prospective study included a total of 35 patients with BPH who underwent PVRP from August 2013 to July 2014. The chief clinical parameters were obtained and evaluated during the perioperative period and follow-up, including the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL) score, maximum urinary flow rate, and prostate volume. All variables were evaluated for statistically significant differences compared to baseline values using the analysis of variance.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean subgroup IPSS and QoL scores significantly improved during follow-up; the respective decreases in IPSS storage score, IPSS voiding score, IPSS nocturia score, and QoL score were 75.3%, 83.6%, 51.4%, and 71.7%, respectively (all P < 0.001 compared with baseline). Three patients were diagnosed with prostate cancer based on postoperative pathological examinations. There were no serious perioperative complications.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The PVRP technique demonstrates satisfactory short-term clinical outcomes and perioperative safety in the treatment of BPH.</p>

Efficacy of sequential endoscopic variceal ligation plus endoscopic variceal sclerotheropy and the factors associated with the prognosis / 中国内镜杂志

Objective To explore the efficacy of sequential endoscopic variceal ligation plus endoscopic variceal sclerotheropy and the factors associated with the prognosis.Methods 106 cases with esophageal varices in control group was treated with drugs alone;study group had 113 cases, was given endoscopic therapy add drugs, The study group randomly divided into two groups, one was treated with endoscopic variceal ligation all the time (EVL group), another was treated with sequential endoscopic variceal ligation plus endoscopic variceal sclerotheropy (sequential group). After the treatment, the rate of removal of varicose veins, the rate of rebleeding, the number of total treatment,mortality and intra-operative complications and postoperative complications were compared. And compared rebleeding rate and mortality with the control group and study groups with different CTP and MELD, analyze the factors of prognosis, and evaluate their prognostic value.Results Rebleeding, rate in control group, EVL group and sequential group were 41.51%,10.53% and 10.64%,sequential group was significantly better than control group (P = 0.000); mortality in control group, EVL group and sequential group were 15.09%, 5.26% and 2.13%, sequential group was also significantly better than control group (P = 0.001); rate of recurrence in EVL group and sequential group within half a year were 73.68% and 44.68%, sequential group was significantly better than EVL group (P = 0.021). In all control group and EVL group and the sequential group, rebleeding rate and mortality of the liver function Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) class C was significantly higher than that of calss A; In MELD model, AUC area under the ROC curve of rebleeding rate in control group and sequential group were 0.944 and 0.851, mortality of the two groups were 0.881 and 0.984, while the rate of recurrence in the EVL group and sequential group were respectively 0.914 and 0.765, the MELD score has the important value to the prediction of rebleeding and death.Conclusion The rebleeding rate and mortality in cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices treated with sequential endoscopic variceal ligation plus endoscopic variceal sclerotheropy were significantly decreased and the recurrence rate was lower than that of the patients with endoscopic variceal ligation all the time. Liver function Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score and the MELD score have important value in prediction of rebleeding and death, ligation and sclerosing sequential therapy can significantly reduced rebleeding and mortality in CTP class B and C, and improve the MELD threshold of rebleeding and death.

Design of the Self-check-in System of the Radiology Department / 医学信息学杂志

The paper states the current process and existing problems of medical technical inspection of hospitals,takes the selfcheck-in system of the radiology department of SUN Yat-sen University Cancer Center as an example,and introduces the demand analysis and criteria formulation of the self-check-in scheme,system interface design and realization.This system is able to improve the hospital environment and the satisfaction of patients.

Surgical treatment for osteoarthritis secondary to Crowe type IV developmental dysplasia of hip in adults / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the mothod and therapeutic efficacy of total hip anthroplasties (THA) for osteoarthritis secondary to Crowe type IV developmental dysplasia of hip in adults.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From May 2006 to December 2013, THA was performed on 15 adult patients (17 hips) with Growe type IV acetabular dysplasia, including 13 females and 2 males, with a mean age of 30.9 years old (22 to 58 years old) and an average preoperative Harris score of (34.0 ± 6.5) points. Traction of the affected limb was not performed before surgery. After extensive release and lengthening of soft tissues, sub-trochanteric osteotomy of the femur was performed, hip joint center was rebuilt and the abduction function was restored.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The patients were followed up with a mean period of 33 months (ranged from 6 months to 5 years). The postoperative Harris score was 85.0 ± 7.3,higher than the preoperative score. The extended length of limb ranged from 1.6 to 5.4 cm, with a mean of (3.42 ± 0.65) cm. The shortening and malformation of the affected limb were corrected in the most patients,with the difference in length of the two legs less than 1.5 cm. After surgery, 1 patient experienced partial sciatic nerve injury, which was largely recovered after 3 months of conservative treatment. One patient experienced complete sciatic nerve injury, which was partially recovered after 6 months of conservative treatment; a foot-drop varus deformity was formed in the distal end of the affected limb, which was improved after tendon transposition and transplantation. Joint pain was relieved, and the joint function was restored significantly. Over the follow-up period, no severe complications such as dislocation, infection, prosthesis loosening, or subsiding occurred.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Satisfactory efficacy can be achieved for adult Growe type IV acetabular dysplasia associated with osteoarthritis by THA, with proper soft tissue release and lengthening, sub-trochanteric osteotomy of femur, joint functional restoration, appropriate choice of prosthesis, and careful protection of nerves and vessels.</p>

Glucagon-like peptide 1 improves learning and memory abilities of rats with type 2 diabetes / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) on cognitive dysfunction in diabetic rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Male SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group, diabetes mellitus (DM) group, and GLP-1 treatment group. Rat models of type 2 diabetes were established by high-sugar and high-fat feeding and streptozotocin (STZ) injection, and 25 days after the onset of diabetes, GLP-1 was infused in GLP-1 treatment group at the rate of 30 pmol·kg·minvia a subcutaneous osmotic pump for 7 days. The learning and cognitive ability of the rats was assessed with Morris water maze test, and the expression of cognition-related genes in the hippocampus tissue was detected with real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the normal control group, the diabetic rats showed significantly decreased learning and memory abilities (P<0.05) with increased hippocampal expressions of APP, BACE1, Arc, ERK1/2, PKA, and PKC mRNAs (P<0.05) and Arc protein. Compared with diabetic rats, GLP-1-treated rats showed significantly improvements in the learning and memory function (P<0.05) with decreased expressions of APP, BACE1, Arc, ERK1/2, and PKA mRNAs (P<0.05) and Arc protein.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>GLP-1 can improve cognitive dysfunctions in diabetic rats possibly by regulating the PKC, PKA, and ERK1/2 pathways and inhibiting Arc expression in the hippocampus.</p>

Ultrasonographic Features of Pseudomyxoma Peritonei and TheirComparison with Computed Tomographic Findings / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the value of ultrasound in the diagnosis of pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) and summarize the ultrasonographic features of PMP by comparing with computed tomography (CT) findings.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Ultrasound and CT scan results of 25 patients with PMP confirmed by pathology after surgery were analyzed retrospectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among these 25 PMP patients,three were diagnosed by ultrasound and six by CT(P=0.579). The specific ultrasonographic features of PMP were as follows:the dense punctuate echoes or floccules were detected in hydrops abdominis,which seldom or never move with the change of body position. Honeycomb-like lesions were typical. Notches were formed on the surface of liver or spleen due to the mucinous material and/or the mucinous lesions.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Both ultrasound and CT scan have poor detection rate in the diagnosis of PMP. PMP has specific ultrasonographic features,which may make it possible to diagnose most PMP lesions by ultrasound before surgery</p>

Clinical and sonographic features of automimune pancreatitis / 中华医学超声杂志（电子版）

Objective To investigate the clinical and sonographic features of automimune pancreatitis (AIP). Methods We analyzed the clinical and sonographic features of 28 patients who were diagnosed as AIP in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2013 to December 2014. Results Clinical features: the initial manifestation was obstructive jaundice in 19 cases. Fourteen cases were accompanied with type 2 diabetes. Eight cases were accompanied with IgG4-related diseases in other organs. Twenty-five cases had elevated IgG4 serum levels. Six cases had positive antinuclear antibodies. Eighteen cases had steroids therapy, 15 of whom had a good response to steroids, 3 of whom had a poor response. The ultrasonographic features were as follows:(1) Among 18 cases of diffuse type of AIP were as follows:16 cases had a diffused,“sausage-like”enlarged pancreas. Fifteen cases had diffusely decreased echogenicity, with fibrous hyperechoic spots. (2) Ten cases of local type of AIP were as follows:the pancreas had local enlarged segment or a“tumor”was formed, but the echogenicity of tumor was similar to the rest of the pancreas. Six cases had irregular shape. (3) Seven cases had ill-defined margin. Six cases had a little blood flow. Two cases had no blood flow. Seven cases had upstream dilation of the main pancreatic duct. Nineteen cases had dilation of the proximal section of the common bile duct. Twelve cases had dilation of the intrahepatic bile duct. Conclusions AIP have some sonographic features. Patients are often older, having abdominal pain, obstructive jaundice, and diffused or local enlargement of pancreas. Combining with the clinical data and laboratory examination may help the diagnosis of AIP.

Early removal of the chest tube after lobectomies: a prospective randomized control study / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the feasibility and safety of early chest tube removal after lobectomies for lung diseases.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A prospective randomized control study was performed with data collected from lobectomies between March 2012 and September 2012. Eligible patients (n = 70) were randomized into two groups; early removal group (removal of chest tube when drainage less than 300 ml/24 h, n = 41) and traditional management group (removal of chest tube when drainage less than 100 ml/24 h, n = 29). Criteria for early removal were established and met before chest tube removal. The volume and character of drainage, time of extracting drainage tube and postoperative hospital stay were measured. All patients received standard care during hospital admission and a follow-up visit was performed after 7 days of discharge from hospital.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were no differences between two groups with respect to age, sex, comorbidities, or pathologic evaluation of resection specimens. The median volume of drainage within 24 h after surgery was 300 ml and within 48 h was 250 ml, there was significantly different between two groups (Z = -2.059, P = 0.039). Patients undergoing early removal management had a shorter Chest tube duration (44 hours vs. 67 hours, Z = -2.914, P = 0.004) and a shorter postoperative hospital stay (5.0 days vs. 6.0 days, Z = -3.882, P = 0.000). Analysis of data showed no statistically significant differences between the rate of pleural effusions developed, thoracentesis and complications, one week after discharge from hospital.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Compared to the traditional management group (drainage ≤ 100 ml/24 h), early removal of chest tube after lobectomy (drainage ≤ 300 ml/24 h) is feasible and safe. It could result in a shorter hospital stay, and most importantly, reduces morbidity without the added risk of complications.</p>

Pneumonia relevant to lung transplantation and pathogen distribution / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Pneumonia is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in lung transplant (LT) recipients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence, etiology, risk factors and prognosis of pneumonia in LT recipients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The LT cohort consisted of 28 recipients receiving LT in Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital from August 2005 to April 2011. Data collected included demographic data, underlying disorders, time and type of transplant, follow-up information, date of last follow-up, and patient status. A retrospective analysis was made of observational data that were prospectively collected.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Twenty-two patients of 28 LT recipients had 47 episodes of pneumonia throughout the study period. Thirtyeight episodes of pneumonia in 19 recipients occurred post-LT with a median follow-up of 257.5 days (1-2104 days), the incidence of pneumonia was 192.4 episodes per 100 LT/year and its median time of onset was 100.5 days (0-946 days) post-transplantation. Bacteria, virus and fungi accounted for 62%, 16% and 15% of the microbial pathogens, respectively. The most frequent were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20%), cytomegalovirus (CMV) (15%), and Aspergillus fumigatus (10%). A total of 29% (11/38) of pneumonias occurred in the first month post-LT, and then the incidence decreased gradually. The incidence of CMV pneumonia was 25% (7/28) with a median time of 97 days (10-971 days). More than one bacterial infection and CMV infection were independent risk factors for aspergillus infection. The incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) was 18% (5/28), and the history of TB was a risk factor for TB relapse. There were 58% (7/12) of recipients who died of infection, and 71% (5/7) of these died in the first year after LT.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Pneumonia is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality in LT recipients. The most frequent microorganisms were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, CMV, and Aspergillus fumigates. The incidence of CMV pneumonia decreases with a delayed median time of onset. More than one incidence of bacterial infection and CMV infection are independent risk factors for aspergillus infection. LT recipients are at high risk for TB, and the history of TB is a risk factor for TB relapse.</p>

Ultrasonographic and general pathologic features assessment of small intestinal lymphoma / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the ultrasonographic and morphologic features of intestinal lymphoma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The ultrasonographic and morphologic features of 19 patients with intestinal lymphoma were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS All the patients were confirmed as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by endoscopy or pathology. Of these 19 cases,the involved locations included ileum(n=14),duodenum(n=3),and ileocecum(n=2). The main sonographic types included mass type(n=12),bowel wall thickening type(n=1),and nonspecific signs(n=6). The mass type was characterized by solid and cystic-solid hypoechoic(including marked hypoechoic)foci,with well-defined margin,and rich blood signals were visible in large masses. The bowel wall thickening type was characterized by the thicking of bowel walls,showing hypoechoic(including marked hypoechoic),along with posterior acoustic enhancement. The nonspecific signs included e.g. dilatation of intestine and mesenteric lymph node enlargement. Morphologically,the tumor was featured by intestinal mass in intestinal mucosa or the circumferential thickening of intestinal wall.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Small intestinal lymphoma has typical ultrasonographic features,and ultrasonography can provide useful information in the diagnosis of small intestinal lymphoma.</p>

Ultrasonic characteristics of intravenous leiomyomatosis with intracardiac extension / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the sonographic characteristics of intraveous leiomyomatosis (IVL) with intracardiac extension and improve its diagnosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical and sonographic data of 13 female patients with pathologically confirmed IVL with intracardiac extension who were treated in our hospital between 2002 and 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. These patients aged 44 years old (range: 38-49 years), and 10 of them were first-episode patients and the remaining 3 were recurrent patients. Eight patients had a history of hysterectomy for leiomyoma.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The first-episode symptoms included exertional chest tightness and shortness of breath (n=5), abdominal distention and edema of low extermity (n=4), exertional palpitation of cardiac origin (n=3), and menorrhagia (n=1). Ultrasonography showed that all patients had isoechoic or hypoechoic tumors extended through the inferior vena cava into right heart chambers (62% in right atrium alone and 38% in right ventricle and atrium). Nine masses in right heart chamber (69.2%) were oval and 4 (30.8%) were serpentine, which were all with well-demarcated borders and most (80%) with heteroechogenic texture. Ten patients had hypoechoic or mixed echoic tumors in pelvic cavity or uterus, and 6 of them had abundant blood flow.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>IVL with intracardiac extension has certain sonographic characteristics. Ultrasonography is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of IVL with intracardiac extension.</p>